Primitives Reference

LDraw Primitives Reference

This page is a source of reference for the LDraw primitives in the \LDraw\p directory. Primitives are defined as highly re-usable components of LEGO parts modelled for LDraw. They serve several purposes :

• To speed up parts authoring by providing a library of components which can be incorporated into several parts
• To allow rendering software to make substitutions of curved components

Within this reference material the available primitives are categorised into:

Each section contains an overview of the characteristics common to all primitives within that category. Primitives are grouped into classes within each category - one class of primitive serving a similar purpose at different sizes or resolutions. For each class of primitive, a brief description of the purpose of the primitive is provided, with notes on its co-ordinate origin, default size and rules for scaling. A list of the available primitives is shown.

An understanding of the orientation of the co-ordinate axes is essential for authoring a part for LDraw. For reference within this page the axes and their direction is shown in this diagram.

Rectilinear primitives

Nomenclature

Boxes are named boxF, with F representing the number of faces a box has. The suffix E represents the number of edges removed.

F and E are may followed by an additional letter. The hyphen is removed if F is accompanied by a modifier.

Face modifiers:

• o - faces are opposite to each other
• t - faces are all touching each other (usually, it's implied, but box4t.dat is a thing)
• u - missing faces form a U-shape

Edge letters:

• p - groups of edges are parallel to each other
• a - some missing faces have no adjacent edges

Scaling and orientation

These rectilinear elements may be scaled in the {x}, {y} and {z} dimensions to make elements of any size. For example

1 16    0 0 0    40 0 0    0 1 0    0 0 20    rect.dat

would generate a 80LDu x 40LDu rectangle in the {x,z} plane.

Although the default orientation of the rect.dat primitive is in the {x,z} plane the LDraw language allows for this to be transformed

1 16    0 0 0    0 1 0    40 0 0    0 0 20    rect.dat

would generate a 80LDu x 40LDu rectangle in the {y,z} plane.

1 16    0 0 0    40 0 0    0 0 20    0 1 0    rect.dat

would generate a 80LDu x 40LDu rectangle in the {x,y} plane.

Two dimensional

triangle.dat	Triangle with all edges
	This primitive represents a isosceles right triangle in the {x,z} plane and the three edges that bound it. Its origin is at the tip of the right angle and by default has a size of 1LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions. To avoid matrix arithmetic problems in some renderers, the third dimension ({y} in the default orientation) must be given a non-zero scaling factor. 1 16    0 0 0    5 0 0    0 1 0    0 0 20    triangle.dat
rect.dat	Rectangle with all edges
	This primitive represents a rectangle in the {x,z} plane and the four edges that bound it. Its origin is at its centre and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions.
rect3.dat	Rectangle with 3 edges
	This primitive represents a rectangle in the {x,z} plane but excludes one edge {-z}. Its origin is at its centre and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions.
rect2p.dat	Rectangle with 2 parallel edges
	This primitive represents a rectangle in the {x,z} plane but excludes two parallel edges ({+x} and {-x}). Its origin is at its centre and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions.
rect2a.dat	Rectangle with 2 adjacent edges
	This primitive represents a rectangle in the {x,z} plane but excludes two adjacent edges ({-x} and {-z}). Its origin is at its centre and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions.
rect1.dat	Rectangle with 1 edge
	This primitive represents a rectangle in the {x,z} plane but include only the one {+x} edge. Its origin is at its centre and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions.
recte3.dat	Empty rectangle with three edges
	This primitive represents three edges of a rectangle in the {x,z} plane. Its origin is at its centre and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions.
recte4.dat	Empty rectangle with all edges
	This primitive represents the four edges of a rectangle in the {x,z} plane. Its origin is at its centre and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions.

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Three dimensional

box.dat	Cuboid with all faces and edges
	This primitive is used to define a cuboid. Its origin is the centre of the cuboid and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the three dimensions.
box0.dat	Cuboid with no faces and edges
	This primitive is used to define the frame a cuboid. Its origin is the centre of the cuboid and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the three dimensions.
box5.dat	Cuboid with 5 faces and all edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} face. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box5-1.dat	Cuboid with 5 faces without 1 edge
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} face and one edge {-z} of that. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box5-2p.dat	Cuboid with 5 faces without 2 parallel edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} face and two of the four edges surrounding that. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box5-4a.dat	Cuboid with 5 faces without top edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} face and the four edges surrounding that. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box5-12.dat	Cuboid with 5 faces missing all edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} face and all edges. Its primary use is for sticker parts. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
Box4 overview
box4.dat	Cuboid with 4 parallel faces and all edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and bottom {+y} faces. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box4o4a.dat	Cuboid with 4 parallel faces without bottom edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and bottom {+y} faces, and missing the edges of the bottom face. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box4o8a.dat	Cuboid with 4 parallel faces without top and bottom edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and bottom {+y} faces, and missing the edges of the top and bottom face. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box4t.dat	Cuboid with 4 adjacent and all edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and front {-z} faces, but with all its edges. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box4-1.dat	Cuboid with 4 adjacent faces missing 1 edge
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and front {-z} faces and the edge between those faces. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box4-2p.dat	Cuboid with 4 faces without two opposite top edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and bottom {+y} faces, and missing two edges of the top face - the intersection of the two missing faces and the opposite edge. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box4-3p.dat	Cuboid with 4 faces without three parallel edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and bottom {+y} faces and missing three edges of the missing faces. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box4-4a.dat	Cuboid with 4 adjacent faces missing 4 edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and front {-z} faces and all the edges of the missing front face. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box4-5a.dat	Cuboid with 4 adjacent faces missing 5 edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and front {-z} faces and all the edges at the top and the bottom of the missing front face. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box4-7a.dat	Cuboid with 4 adjacent faces missing 7 edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and front {-z} faces and all the edges of both missing faces. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box4-12.dat	Cuboid with 4 adjacent faces missing all edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and front {-z} faces and excludes all the edges. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box3-3.dat	Cuboid with 3 adjacent faces missing 3 edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and bottom {+y} faces, and missing three edges of the missing faces. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box3-5a.dat	Cuboid with 4 adjacent faces missing 4 edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y}, front {-z} and left {-x} faces and includes the three internal edges and the outer edges except those on the left {-z}. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x}, {y} and {z} dimensions.
box3-7a.dat	Cuboid with 3 adjacent faces missing 7 adjacent edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y}, front {-z} and left {-x} faces and includes the three internal edges but only the outer edges at the top (-y). Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x}, {y} and {z} dimensions.
box3-9a.dat	Cuboid with 3 adjacent faces missing 9 adjacent edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y}, front {-z} and left {-x} faces and includes only the three internal edges. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x}, {y} and {z} dimensions.
box3-12.dat	Cuboid with 3 adjacent faces missing all edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y}, front {-z} and left {-x} faces but excludes all edges. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x}, {y} and {z} dimensions.
Box3u overview
box3u2p.dat	Cuboid with 3 faces missing 2 edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes the top edges of the left {-x} and right {+x} faces. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box3u4p.dat	Cuboid with 3 faces missing 4 parallel edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes the topand bottom edges of the left {-x} and right {+x} faces. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box3u4a.dat	Cuboid with 3 adjacent faces missing all edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes the edges of the missing top face. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box3u5p.dat	Cuboid with 3 faces missing 5 edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes the top edge of the left {-x} face and all edges of the right {+x} face. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box3u6.dat	Cuboid with 3 faces missing 6 edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes the top and bottom edges of the right {+x} face and all edges of the left {-x} face. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box3u6a.dat	Cuboid with 3 faces missing 4 adjacent and 2 parallel edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes all the top edges and the bottom edges of the missing faces. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box3u7a.dat	Cuboid with 3 faces missing 7 adjacent edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes the edges of the missing top (-y) and right (+x) faces. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box3u8p.dat	Cuboid with 3 faces missing 8 edges (in two parallel groups)
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes all the edges of the left {-x} and right {+x} faces. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box3u10p.dat	Cuboid with 3 faces in a 'U' shape, missing 10 edges (all except those between the faces)
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes all the edges except the two betweenthe faces. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
box3u12.dat	Cuboid with 3 parallel faces missing all edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y} and left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes all the edges. Its origin is the centre of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
boxjcyl4.dat	Box truncated by cylinder
	This suite of primitives are used to model the intersection between a box and cylinders of different radii. The box has a fixed width of 2LDu and the cylinder radius is denoted by the r in the filename. Currently available primitives : Regular resolution (boxjcylr) : 4
box2-5.dat	Cuboid with 2 adjacent faces missing 5 edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y}, front {-z}, left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes all the edges which do not bound the included faces. Its origin is the centre of the cuboid and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x}, {y} and {z} dimensions.
box2-7.dat	Cuboid with 2 adjacent faces missing 7 edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y}, front {-z}, left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes all the edges except that at the join between the two faces and those along the left {-x} and right {+x} sides. Its origin is the centre of the cuboid and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x}, {y} and {z} dimensions.
box2-9.dat	Cuboid with 2 adjacent faces missing 9 edges (all except those connected to the {+x}, {+y}, {+z} vertex)
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y}, front {-z}, left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes all the edges except that at the join between the two faces and those along the right {+x} sides. Its origin is the centre of the cuboid and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x}, {y} and {z} dimensions.
box2-9p.dat	Cuboid with 2 adjacent faces missing 9 edges (all except three parallel edges)
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y}, front {-z}, left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes all the edges except that at the join between the two faces and those parallel to that. Its origin is the centre of the cuboid and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x}, {y} and {z} dimensions.
box2-11.dat	Cuboid with 2 adjacent faces missing 11 edges
	This primitive represents a cuboid missing the top {-y}, front {-z}, left {-x} and right {+x} faces and excludes all the edges except that at the join between the two faces. Its origin is the centre of the cuboid and by default has a size of 2LDu in each of the {x}, {y} and {z} dimensions.
tri3.dat	Right-angled triangular prism with 3 faces
	This primitive represents a triangular prism missing the top {-y} and bottom {+y} faces but including all edges. The left {-x} and front {-z} faces are perpendicular. Its origin is the right-angle corner of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 1LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
tri3-1.dat	Right-angled triangular prism with 3 faces
	This primitive represents a triangular prism missing the top {-y} and bottom {+y} faces and excludes the top edge of the hypotenuse. Its origin is the right-angle corner of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 1LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
tri3-3.dat	Right-angled triangular prism missing 3 faces
	This primitive represents a triangular prism missing the top {-y} and bottom {+y} faces and excludes all top edges. Its origin is the right-angle corner of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 1LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
tri3a1.dat	Right-angled triangular prism with 3 adjacent faces missing 1 edge
	This primitive represents a triangular prism missing the top {-y} face, the face at the hypotenuse as well as the top edge at the hypotenuse. Its origin is the right-angle corner of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 1LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
tri3a3.dat	Right-angled triangular prism with 3 adjacent faces missing 3 edge
	This primitive represents a triangular prism missing the top {-y} face, the face at the hypotenuse and excludes all top edges. Its origin is the right-angle corner of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 1LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
tri3a4	Right-angled triangular prism with 3 adjacent faces missing 4 adjacent edges
	This primitive represents a triangular prism missing the top {-y} face, the face at the hypotenuse and excludes all edges at the hypotenuse. Its origin is the right-angle corner of the (missing) top face and by default has a size of 1LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
tri3u1.dat	Right-angled triangular prism with 3 faces missing 1 edge
	This primitive represents a triangular prism missing the left {-x} and front {-z} faces. Its origin is the right-angle corner of the top face and by default has a size of 1LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
tri3u3.dat	Right-angled triangular prism with 3 faces missing 3 edges
	This primitive represents a triangular prism missing the left {-x} and front {-z} faces, the edge where they would join and one edge of each of the triangles. Its origin is the right-angle corner of the top face and by default has a size of 1LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.
tri4.dat	Right-angled triangular prism with 2 square faces and 2 triangular faces
	This primitive represents a triangular prism missing the face at the hypotenuse. Its origin is the right-angle corner of the top face and by default has a size of 1LDu in each of the {x} and {z} dimensions and 1LDu in the {y} dimension.

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Curved primitives

LDraw represents curved surfaces as polygons. For circular components two series of primitives are provided.

All the circular primitives are orientated in the {x,z} plane with their origin at the centre of the circle and a default radius of 1 LDu. Primitives are provided for complete circles and for commonly used fractions of a complete circle. Where the naming convention includes a prefix of the form n-f this indicates the fraction (n/f) of the circle drawn by the primitive. Where this fraction is less than an entire circle, the primitive starts at {+x,0} and progresses in a conterclockwise direction when viewed from above {-y}.

To avoid rounding errors, it is preferable to use existing fractional circular primitives, or create a new primitive, rather than rotate an existing primitive by anything other than 90 or 180 degrees. For example, use 3-16XXXX.dat rather than combining 1-8XXXX.dat with 1-16XXXX.dat rotated by 22.5 degreees.

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To avoid matrix arithmetic problems in some renderers, the third dimension ({y} in the default orientation) of two-dimensional primitives must be given a non-zero scaling factor. LDraw circles are normally formed of 16-sided polygons (hexdecagons) - the regular resolution. For larger elements, where scaling-up of hexadecagons would give too angular an appearance, a series of high resolution primitives based on a 48-sided polygon are available. These may also be used for parts not well suited to a 16-fold symmetry.

These circular elements may be scaled by the same factor in both the {x} and {z} dimensions to make circular elements of greater or less than 1LDu radius. For example

1 16    0 0 0    3 0 0    0 1 0    0 0 3    4-4edge.dat

would generate a circle in the {x,z} plane with a radius of 3LDu.

They may also be scaled asymmetrically in the x and z dimension to make ellipses.

Although the default orientation is in the {x,z} plane the LDraw language allows for these to be transformed

1 16    0 0 0    0 1 0    3 0 0    0 0 3    4-4edge.dat    would generate a circle in the {y,z} plane

1 16    0 0 0    3 0 0    0 0 3    0 1 0    4-4edge.dat    would generate a circle in the {x,y} plane

Two dimensional

Circular 2D Overview
n-fedge.dat	Circular line segment
	This suite of primitives are used for edges which comprise an entire or part circle. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 1-16, 1-8, 3-16, 1-4, 5-16, 3-8, 7-16, 2-4, 9-16, 5-8, 11-16, 3-4, 13-16, 7-8, 4-4 High resolution (n-f): 1-48, 1-24, 1-16, 1-12, 5-48, 1-8, 7-48, 1-6, 3-16, 5-24, 11-48, 1-4, 7-24, 5-16, 1-3, 3-8, 19-48, 5-12, 7-16, 11-24, 2-4, 5-8, 2-3, 3-4, 4-4 Low resolution (n-f): 1-4, 2-4, 3-8, 4-4
n-fdisc.dat	Circular disc sector
	This suite of primitives are used for surfaces which comprise an entire or part circle. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 1-16, 1-8, 3-16, 1-4, 5-16, 3-8, 7-16, 2-4, 5-8, 11-16, 3-4, 7-8, 4-4 High resolution (n-f): 1-24, 1-12, 5-48, 1-8, 7-48, 1-6, 3-16, 5-24, 1-4, 1-3, 2-4, 4-4 Low resolution (n-f): 1-4, 2-4, 3-4, 4-4
n-fchrd.dat	Circular disc segment
	This suite of primitives are used for surfaces which comprise part of a circle enclosed by the arc of its circumference and its chord. Note that the bounding circle in the image is for context only - only the grey segment is generated by the 1-4chrd primitive. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 1-16 (see note), 1-8, 3-16, 1-4, 5-16, 3-8, 7-16, 2-4, 5-8, 3-4, 13-16, 7-8 High resolution (n-f): 1-48 (see note) 1-24, 1-16, 1-12, 5-48, 1-8, 7-48, 1-6, 3-16, 5-24, 11-48, 1-4, 7-24, 5-16, 1-3, 3-8, 19-48, 5-12, 7-16, 11-24, 2-4 Low resolution (n-f): 1-4, 3-8, 2-4 Note: The regular resolution 1-16chrd.dat and high resolution 1-48chrd are special cases, see Primitive Substitution Adapters below for more information
n-fndis.dat	Inverse of circular disc sector
	This suite of primitives pad their matching n-fdisc.dat primitives out to the bounding square. They are used to integrate circular elements into rectilinear elements. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 1-16, 1-8, 3-16, 1-4, 5-16, 3-8, 7-16, 2-4, 3-4, 7-8, 4-4 High resolution (n-f): 1-24, 1-16, 1-12, 5-48, 1-8, 7-48, 1-6, 3-16, 5-24, 11-48, 1-4, 1-3, 7-16, 2-4, 4-4 Low resolution (n-f): 1-4, 3-4, 2-4, 3-4, 4-4
n-ftang.dat	Tangential ring segment
	This suite of primitives are used to pad a 16-sided polygon to a circumscribing 16-sided polygon whose edges are tangential to the inner polygon. Note that the bounding circle in the image is for context only - only the black segment is generated by the 1-4tang primitive. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 1-16, 1-8, 3-16, 1-4
n-ftndis.dat	Disc negative truncated
	This suite of primitives are used to used to integrate circular elements into rectilinear elements. These pad their matching n-fdisc.dat primitives out to the bounding rectangle, spanning from x = 1 to the minimal x value of the matching primitive. Note that the bounding circle in the image is for context only - only the black segment is generated by the 1-8tndis primitive. The image on the right showes the difference between tang, tndis and ndis. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 1-16, 1-8, 3-16 High resolution (n-f): 5-48, 1-24, 1-16, 1-8
n-faring.dat	Circular adaptor ring segment
	This suite of primitives are used to interface between high resolution (48-segment) circular primitives and normal resolution (16-segment) circluar primitives. Note that the bounding circle in the image is for context only - only the black segment is generated by the 2-4aring primitive. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 4-4 High resolution (n-f): 1-4
1-16chrd.dat 1-48chrd.dat n-fering.dat	Primitive Substitution Adapters
	This suite of primitives are used correct for gaps that form between curved primitives and normal geometry in editors that utilize primitive substitution. This is a special case used on the inside of a curved primitive where it joins geometry that cannot make use of a curved primitive. The chrd files themselves are simply a reference to empty.dat, which under normal circumstances does not draw anything. However, in tools that support primitive substitution, the curved primitive it is attached to would normally in this case create a gap when rendered using more than 16 points to form a circle. In that case, the substituted version of these normally empty primitives would fill in the gap between the curve and the other geometry. To "see" these primitives, the editor in use must utilize primitive substitution. Then one of the following can be done: set the curve quality to a level high enough to see the gaps reappear For LDView 4.4 or later, in the Model Tree dialog, you can search for them (for example, "ering"), and if you have it set to highlight, then when you select one, it will be highlighted in the 3D view. Manually recolor the primitive in question to a color that contrasts with the colors that surround it Note that the bounding circle in the image is for context only - there are no actual geometry producing lines contained in these files. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 1-16chrd, 1-4ering, 1-8ering, 3-16ering, 2-4ering, 4-4ering High resolution (n-f): 1-48chrd
n-fringr.dat n-frinrr.dat n-ffrinr.dat n-ffrirr.dat nn-ffrir.dat ringr.dat (deprecated name) ringrr.dat (deprecated name)	Circular ring segment
	This suite of primitives are used to generate circular rings or part rings. The numeric suffix r in the filename indicates the inner radius of the ring - the outer radius is 1LDu greater. For example a n-f4-4ring4 primitive would create a ring with an inner radius of 4LDu and an outer radius of 5LDu. Note: The correct nomenclature is to use the full word "ring". All newly created ring primitives must use "ring". Due to the fact that too many files would be affected, it was decided to keep the current official "rin" primitives in the library. All files using "ri" have been moved, to use "ring". Currently available primitives: Regular resolution: r=1: 1-16rin1, 1-8ring1, 3-16rin1, 1-4ring1, 5-16ring1, 3-8ring1, 7-16rin1, 2-4ring1, 9-16ring1, 5-8ring1, 3-4ring1, 7-8ring1, 4-4ring1 r=2: 1-16rin2, 1-8ring2, 3-16rin2, 1-4ring2, 5-16rin2, 3-8ring2, 7-16ring2, 2-4ring2, 5-8ring2, 3-4ring2, 7-8ring2, 4-4ring2 r=3: 1-16rin3, 1-8ring3, 3-16rin3, 1-4ring3, 5-16rin3, 3-8ring3, 7-16rin3, 2-4ring3, 5-8ring3, 3-4ring3, 7-8ring3, 4-4ring3 r=4: 1-16rin4, 1-8ring4, 3-16rin4, 1-4ring4, 5-16ring4, 3-8ring4, 7-16rin4, 2-4ring4, 5-8ring4, 3-4ring4, 4-4ring4 r=5: 1-8ring5, 3-16rin5, 1-4ring5, 5-16rin5, 3-8ring5, 2-4ring5, 3-4ring5, 4-4ring5 r=6: 1-16ring6, 1-8ring6, 3-16rin6, 1-4ring6, 3-8ring6, 7-16ring6, 2-4ring6, 5-8ring6, 3-4ring6, 4-4ring6 r=7: 1-8ring7, 3-16rin7, 1-4ring7, 5-16ring7, 3-8ring7, 7-16ring7, 2-4ring7, 3-4ring7, 4-4ring7 r=8: 1-16ring8, 1-8ring8, 3-16rin8, 1-4ring8, 5-16ring8, 3-8ring8, 7-16ring8, 2-4ring8, 3-4ring8, 7-8ring8, 4-4ring8 r=9: 1-16ring9, 1-8ring9, 3-16rin9, 1-4ring9, 5-16ring9, 3-8ring9, 7-16ring9, 2-4ring9, 3-4ring9, 7-8ring9, 4-4ring9 r=10: 1-8rin10, 3-16ring10, 1-4rin10, 3-8rin10, 2-4rin10, 5-8ring10, 3-4rin10, 4-4rin10 r=11: 1-16ring11, 1-8ring11, 3-16ring11, 1-4rin11, 7-16ring11, 2-4rin11, 4-4rin11 r=12: 1-8ring12, 3-16ring12, 1-4rin12, 5-16ring12, 3-8rin12, 2-4rin12, 7-8rin12, 4-4rin12 r=13: 1-8ring13, 3-16ring13, 1-4rin13, 5-16ring13, 3-8rin13, 2-4rin13, 4-4rin13 r=14: 3-16ring14, 1-4rin14, 2-4rin14, 3-4rin14, 4-4rin14 r=15: 1-8rin15, 3-16ring15, 1-4rin15, 3-8rin15, 2-4rin15, 7-8rin15, 4-4rin15 r=16: 1-8ring16, 1-4rin16, 3-8rin16, 2-4rin16, 3-4ring16, 7-8rin16, 4-4rin16 r=17: 1-8rin17, 1-4rin17, 5-16ring17, 3-8ring17, 7-16ring17, 2-4rin17, 4-4rin17 r=18: 1-16ring18, 1-8rin18, 1-4rin18, 3-8rin18, 2-4rin18, 4-4rin18 r=19: 1-16ring19, 1-8rin19, 3-16ring19, 1-4rin19, 3-8ring19, 2-4ring19, 3-4ring19, 4-4rin19 r=20: 1-4rin20, 2-4rin20, 4-4rin20 r=21: 1-4ring21, 3-8ring21, 4-4rin21 r=22: 1-16ring22, 3-16ring22, 2-4rin22, 3-4rin22, 4-4rin22 r=23: 1-16ring23, 1-8rin23, 1-4rin23, 2-4rin23, 4-4rin23 r=24: 1-16ring24, 3-16ring24, 1-4rin24, 3-8rin24, 2-4rin24, 4-4rin24 r=25: 1-4ring25, 2-4rin25, 4-4rin25 r=26: 1-4ring26, 2-4ring26, 4-4rin26 r=27: 1-8ring27, 4-4ring27 r=28: 1-8ring28, 1-4rin28, 2-4ring28, 4-4ring28 r=29: 1-4ring29, 3-8ring29, 2-4ring29, 3-4ring29, 4-4rin29 r=30: 2-4rin30, 4-4rin30 r=31: 2-4ring31, 4-4rin31 r=32: 1-8ring32, 2-4ring32, 4-4rin32 r=33: 1-8ring33, 1-4ring33, 4-4rin33 r=34: 1-8ring34, 1-4rin34, 4-4rin34 r=35: 1-8ring35, 4-4ring35 r=36: 1-4ring36, 4-4rin36 r=37: 3-8ring37, 2-4ring37, 4-4rin37 r=38: 1-4rin38, 4-4rin38 r=39: 1-16ring39, 1-8rin39, 3-16ring39, 1-4rin39, 7-8rin39, 4-4rin39 r=40: 1-4ring40, 7-8rin40, 4-4rin40 r=41: 4-4ring41 r=42: 2-4ring42 r=43: 2-4ring43, 4-4rin43 r=44: 2-4ring44, 4-4rin44 r=45: 2-4ring45, 4-4rin45 r=46: 2-4ring46, 4-4rin46 r=47: 4-4rin47 r=48: 1-4rin48, 4-4rin48 r=49: 1-4rin49, 4-4ring49 r=50: 1-4rin50, 4-4rin50 r=51: 4-4rin51 r=52: 2-4rin52, 4-4rin52 r=53: 3-16ring53 r=55: 2-4ring55 r=57: 1-16ring57, 1-4ring57, 4-4rin57 r=61: 4-4ring61 r=66: 1-4ring66, 4-4ring66 r=67: 1-4ring67 r=68: 4-4ring68 r=70: 1-16ring70, 1-8ring70, 3-16ring70, 2-4ring70, 4-4ring70 r=71: 4-4ring71 r=77: 4-4rin77 r=78: 4-4rin78 r=79: 1-4ring79, 4-4rin79 r=80: 3-16ring80 r=81: 4-4ring81 r=85: 4-4rin85 r=88: 4-4ring88 r=95: 4-4ring95 r=97: 4-4ring97 r=101: 4-4ring101 High resolution: r=1: 1-24ring1, 1-12rin1, 1-8ring1, 1-6ring1, 3-16ring1, 11-48ring1, 1-4ring1, 5-16ring1, 7-16ring1, 2-4ring1, 4-4ring1.dat r=2: 1-24ring2, 1-16ring2, 1-12rin2, 5-48ring2, 1-8ring2, 1-6ring2, 3-16ring2, 5-24ring2, 1-4ring2, 1-3ring2, 3-8ring2, 7-16ring2, 2-4ring2, 19-24ring2, 7-8ring2, 4-4ring2 r=3: 1-24rin3, 1-16rin3, 1-12ring3, 1-8ring3, 7-48ring3, 1-6ring3, 5-24ring3, 1-4ring3, 1-3ring3, 7-16rin3, 2-4ring3, 4-4ring3 r=4: 1-24rin4, 1-12ring4, 5-48rin4, 1-8ring4, 7-48ring4, 5-24ring4, 1-4ring4, 7-24rin4, 2-4ring4, 4-4ring4 r=5: 1-24rin5, 1-12rin5, 5-48ring5, 1-8ring5, 7-48rin5, 1-6ring5, 5-24ring5, 1-4ring5, 2-4ring5, 4-4ring5 r=6: 1-48rin6, 1-24rin6, 1-16ring6, 1-12rin6, 1-8ring6, 1-6ring6, 5-24ring6, 1-4ring6, 2-4ring6, 5-6ring6, 4-4ring6 r=7: 1-24rin7, 1-16ring7, 1-8ring7, 7-48ring7, 1-6ring7, 3-16rin7, 5-24rin7, 1-4ring7, 2-3ring7, 3-4ring7, 4-4ring7 r=8: 1-16rin8, 1-12rin8, 1-8ring8, 7-48ring8, 1-6ring8, 3-16rin8, 5-24ring8, 1-4ring8, 11-24ring8, 4-4ring8 r=9: 1-48rin9, 1-24rin9, 1-12rin9, 5-48rin9, 1-8ring9, 5-24rin9, 11-48ring9, 1-6ring9, 1-4ring9, 1-3ring9, 2-4ring9, 4-4ring9 r=10: 1-24ring10, 1-16ring10, 1-12ring10, 5-48ring10, 1-8ring10, 7-48ring10, 1-6ring10, 5-24ring10, 1-4rin10, 2-4ring10, 4-4rin10 r=11: 1-24ring11, 1-16ring11, 1-8ring11, 7-48ring11, 3-16ring11, 1-4rin11, 7-16ring11, 2-4rin11, 4-4rin11 r=12: 1-12ring12, 1-8ring12, 1-4ring12, 1-6rin12, 2-4rin12, 4-4rin12 r=13: 1-16ring13, 1-12ring13, 1-8ring13, 1-6rin13, 5-24ring13, 1-4rin13, 5-12ring13, 11-24ring13, 3-4rin13, 4-4rin13 r=14: 1-24ring14, 1-16ring14, 1-12ring14, 1-8rin14, 1-6rin14, 3-16ring14, 1-4rin14, 3-8ring14, 5-12ring14, 3-4rin14, 4-4rin14 r=15: 1-48ring15, 1-24ring15, 1-16ring15, 1-12ring15, 1-8ring15, 1-6ring15, 3-16ring15, 5-24ring15, 1-4rin15, 2-4ring15, 4-4rin15 r=16: 1-16ring16, 1-8rin16, 7-48ring16, 1-6rin16, 1-4rin16, 7-16ring16, 2-4rin16, 3-4rin16, 5-6rin16, 4-4rin16 r=17: 1-16ring17, 1-12ring17, 1-6rin17, 5-24ring17, 1-4rin17, 1-3rin17, 2-4rin17, 4-4rin17 r=18: 1-16ring18, 7-48ring18, 1-6rin18, 5-24ring18, 1-4rin18, 4-4rin18 r=19: 1-24ring19, 1-16ring19, 1-12ring19, 5-48ring19, 1-8ring19, 1-6rin19, 11-48ring19, 1-4rin19, 2-4rin19, 4-4rin19 r=20: 1-12ring20, 1-8rin20, 5-24ring20, 11-48ring20, 1-4rin20, 4-4rin20 r=21: 1-16ring21, 11-48ring21, 1-4rin21, 4-4rin21 r=22: 1-12ring22, 11-48ring22, 1-4rin22, 4-4rin22 r=23: 1-4rin23 r=24: 1-24ring24, 1-12ring24, 5-24ring24, 1-4rin24, 4-4rin24 r=25: 3-16ring25, 1-4rin25, 4-4rin25 r=26: 1-4rin26, 4-4rin26 r=27: 1-4rin27, 4-4rin27 r=28: 1-8rin28, 5-24ring28, 11-48ring28, 1-4ring28, 4-4rin28 r=29: 1-24ring29, 1-16ring29, 1-12ring29, 5-48ring29, 7-48ring29, 1-6ring29, 3-16ring29, 11-48ring29, 1-4rin29, 5-24ring29, 4-4rin29 r=30: 1-24ring30, 1-16ring30, 1-4rin30, 3-8ring30, 4-4rin30 r=31: 1-4rin31, 2-4rin31 r=32: 5-48ring32, 1-4rin32, 2-4ring32 r=33: 5-24ring33, 1-4rin33, 4-4rin33 r=34: 7-48ring34, 5-24ring34, 11-48ring34, 1-4rin34, 2-4ring34, 4-4rin34 r=35: 1-24ring35, 1-16ring35, 1-8rin35, 5-24ring35, 1-4rin35, 4-4ring35 r=36: 1-8ring36, 1-4rin36, 1-3ring36, 4-4ring36 r=37: 1-8ring37, 1-4rin37, 2-4ring37, 4-4rin37 r=38: 1-12ring38, 1-6ring38, 1-4rin38, 4-4ring38 r=39: 1-24ring39, 1-16ring39, 1-12ring39, 5-48ring39, 1-8rin39, 7-48ring39, 1-6ring39, 3-16ring39, 1-4rin39, 2-4ring39, 4-4ring39 r=40: 1-4rin40, 11-48ring40, 2-4ring40 r=41: 1-8ring41, 1-4rin41, 4-4rin41 r=42: 1-12ring42, 1-6ring42, 4-4rin42 r=43: 1-48ring43, 1-16ring43, 1-12ring43, 1-6ring43, 4-4ring43 r=44: 4-4ring44 r=45: 1-4rin45, 4-4ring45 r=46: 1-4ring46 r=47: 1-6rin47, 1-4ring47, 4-4rin47 r=48: 7-48ring48, 1-4rin48, 2-4ring48 r=49: 1-24ring49, 1-16ring49, 1-4ring49, 4-4rin49 r=50: 1-6rin50, 3-16ring50, 4-4rin50 r=51: 1-4rin51 r=52: 11-24ring52, 4-4rin52 r=53: 1-8ring53, 3-16ring53, 4-4rin53 r=54: 4-4rin54 r=55: 2-4ring55 r=56: 1-12ring56, 1-8rin56 r=57: 1-4ring57, 4-4ring57 r=59: 1-24ring59, 1-16ring59, 1-12ring59 r=60: 1-24ring60, 1-16ring60 r=63: 1-4rin63 r=64: 1-4rin64 r=65: 1-4rin65 r=69: 5-24ring69 r=70: 1-4rin70 r=71: 1-4rin71, 4-4ring71 r=77: 4-4ring77 r=78: 1-12ring78 r=79: 1-4ring79 r=80: 7-48ring80, 1-6ring80 r=81: 4-4ring81 r=82: 1-4rin82 r=83: 1-4rin83 r=84: 1-8ring84 r=85: 4-4ring85 r=88: 4-4ring88 r=90: 11-48ring90 r=95: 2-4ring95 r=96: 1-4ring96 r=97: 4-4rin97 r=99: 1-6ring99, 4-4ring99 r=100: 1-24ring100, 4-4ring100 r=130: 4-4ring130 r=160: 2-4ring160 r=179: 1-4ring179 r=240: 2-4ring240 Low resolution: r=2 : 2-4ring2, 4-4ring2 r=3 : 1-4ring3, 4-4ring3 r=6 : 4-4ring6 r=7 : 4-4ring7 r=11 : 4-4ring11

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Three dimensional

n-fcyli.dat n-fcyli2.dat	Circular cylinder
	This suite of primitives are used to generate cylinders or part cylinders. These are provided in two forms - with conditional lines (n-fcyli) or without conditional lines (n-fcyli2). In almost all circumstances the "cyli" version should be used. The "cyli2" versions are for very special cases and their use for the rounded corners of stickers is no longer appropriate. Currently available primitives - with conditional lines (n-fcyli): Regular resolution (n-f): 1-16, 1-8, 3-16, 1-4, 5-16, 3-8, 7-16, 2-4, 9-16, 5-8, 11-16, 3-4, 13-16, 7-8, 4-4 High resolution (n-f): 1-48, 1-24, 1-16, 1-12, 5-48, 1-8, 7-48, 1-6, 3-16, 5-24, 11-48, 1-4, 7-24, 5-16, 1-3, 3-8, 5-12, 7-16, 11-24, 2-4, 5-8, 2-3, 3-4, 7-8, 4-4 Low resolution (n-f): 1-4, 3-8, 2-4, 4-4 Currently available primitives - without conditional lines (n-fcyli2): Regular resolution (n-f): 1-8, 3-16, 1-4, 5-16, 2-4, 3-8, 4-4 High resolution (n-f): 1-8, 3-16, 1-4, 3-8, 2-4, 4-4 Low resolution (n-f): None
n-fcylo.dat	Circular cylinder with Open End
	This suite of primitives are used to generate cylinders or part cylinders with edges around the lower and upper surfaces. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 1-16, 1-8, 3-16, 1-4, 5-16, 3-8, 7-16, 2-4, 9-16, 5-8, 3-4, 7-8, 4-4 High resolution (n-f): 1-48, 1-24, 1-16, 1-12, 5-48, 1-8, 7-48, 1-6, 3-16, 5-24, 11-48, 1-4, 1-3, 3-8, 2-4, 4-4 Low resolution (n-f): 1-4, 3-8, 2-4, 4-4
n-fcylc.dat n-fcylc2.dat n-fcylc3.dat	Circular cylinder with Closed End
	This suite of primitives are used to generate cylinders or part cylinders with the upper surface closed. Currently available primitives - with conditional lines and top edge line (n-fcylc): Regular resolution (n-f): 1-16, 1-4, 3-8, 2-4, 3-4, 4-4 High resolution (n-f): 2-4, 4-4 Low resolution (n-f): None Currently available primitives - without conditional lines or top or bottom edge line (n-fcylc2): Regular resolution (n-f): 1-4, 4-4 High resolution (n-f): 4-4 Low resolution (n-f): None Currently available primitives - with conditional lines, but without top and bottom edge lines (n-fcylc3): Regular resolution (n-f): 1-4, 4-4 High resolution (n-f): 4-4 Low resolution (n-f): None
n-fcyls.dat n-fcyls2.dat	Circular cylinder truncated by an angled plane
	These primitives are used to generate cylinders or part cylinders which are truncated by a plane which is not perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. The default angle of the plane is 45 degress. These primitives are notoriously difficult to describe and the user is encouraged to experiment in order to gain a full understanding of their geometry. One technique is to open the primitive in LDPE and choose random colours. Selecting Show Axes also helps. The 2-4cyls.dat primitive is orientated with the perpendicular bounding plane at the top {-y} and the angled bounding plane at the bottom {+y}. In common with the other 2-4xxxx.dat primitives, the {+z} semicircle is represented. By default the truncation plane is y=x-1. The 1-4cyls.dat and 3-8cyls.dat primitives are sub-sections of 2-4cyls.dat The 1-4cyls2.dat primitive is orientated with the perpendicular bounding plane at the top {-y} and the angled bounding plane at the bottom {+y}. Unlike the other 1-4xxxx.dat primitives, the {-x,+z} quadrant is represented. The truncation plane is y=x. The following observations may help : 1-4cyls and 1-4cyls2 are complements. If you put them together correctly they make a 1-4cyli. 1 16    0 0 0    1 0 0    0 1 0    0 0 1    1-4cyls.dat 1 16    0 1 0    -1 0 0    0 -1 0    0 0 1    1-4cyls2.dat 1-4cyls2 is actually hidden in 2-4cyls, which could be constructed like 1 16    0 0 0    1 0 0    0 1 0    0 0 1    1-4cyls.dat 1 16    0 0 0    0 0 -1    0 1 0    1 0 0    1-4cyli.dat 1 16    0 1 0    1 0 0    0 1 0    0 0 1    1-4cyls2.dat Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 1-8cyls, 3-16cyls, 1-4cyls, 3-8cyls, 2-4cyls, 4-4cyls, 1-8cyls2, 3-16cys2, 1-4cyls2 High resolution (n-f): 1-4cyls, 1-4cyls2
n-fcylse.dat	Circular cylinder truncated by an angled plane with angled edge included
	This suite of primitives are similar to the n-fcyls primitive, but with the edge along the angled plane included. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 4-4
cyljrxs.dat	Circular cylinder truncated by another cylinder
	This suite of primitives are used to model the intersection between two cylinders of different radii. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (rxs): 4x6, 4x7, 4x8, 4x9, 4x10, 5x9
n-fcylrsphs.dat	Circular cylinder truncated by a sphere
	This suite of primitives are used to model the intersection between a cylinder and a sphere of a different radius. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution 1:2 (n-f): 4-4cyl1sph2
n-fconr.dat n-fconrr.dat	Circular cone
	This suite of primitives are used to generate circular cones or part cones. The numeric suffix r in the filename indicates the inner radius of the cone - the outer radius is 1LDu greater. By default the cone is 1LDu high in the {+y} dimension with the origin at the centre of the outer diameter. For example a n-fcone4 primitive would create a cone with an inner radius of 4LDu and an outer radius of 5LDu. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f)(r): r=0: 1-4con0, 2-4con0, 4-4con0 r=1: 1-16con1, 1-8con1, 3-16con1, 1-4con1, 2-4con1, 4-4con1 r=2: 1-8con2, 3-16con2, 1-4con2, 2-4con2, 4-4con2 r=3: 1-8con3, 1-4con3, 2-4con3, 7-8con3, 4-4con3 r=4: 1-4con4, 3-8con4, 2-4con4, 4-4con4 r=5: 1-4con5, 4-4con5 r=6: 1-4con6, 3-8con6, 4-4con6 r=7: 1-4con7, 3-8con7, 2-4con7, 4-4con7 r=8: 1-4con8, 2-4con8, 4-4con8 r=9: 3-16con9, 1-4con9, 3-8con9, 4-4con9 r=10: 1-8con10, 1-4con10, 2-4con10, 4-4con10 r=11: 1-4con11, 2-4con11, 4-4con11 r=12: 1-4con12, 3-8con12, 2-4con12, 4-4con12 r=13: 1-4con13, 2-4con13, 4-4con13 r=14: 1-4con14, 4-4con14 r=15: 1-4con15, 2-4con15, 4-4con15 r=16: 4-4con16 r=17: 4-4con17 r=18: 1-4con18, 4-4con18 r=19: 1-8con19, 1-4con19, 2-4con19, 4-4con19 r=20: 1-8con20, 3-8con20, 4-4con20 r=21: 4-4con21 r=22: 4-4con22 r=23: 1-4con23 r=24: 1-4con24, 4-4con24 r=25: 4-4con25 r=27: 1-4con27 r=28: 1-8con28, 1-4con28, 4-4con28 r=29: 4-4con29 r=30: 4-4con30 r=31: 1-4con31 r=32: 4-4con32 r=33: 4-4con33 r=34: 3-8con34 r=35: 4-4con35 r=36: 4-4con36 r=41: 4-4con41 r=42: 4-4con42 r=43: 4-4con43 r=46: 4-4con46 r=47: 4-4con47 r=48: 4-4con48 r=61: 4-4con61 r=80: 4-4con80 r=81: 4-4con81 High resolution (n-f)(r): r=0: 4-4con0 r=1: 1-4con1, 4-4con1 r=2: 1-4con2, 5-12con2, 4-4con2 r=3: 1-4con3, 5-24con3, 4-4con3 r=4: 1-12con4, 1-6con4, 1-4con4, 4-4con4 r=5: 1-12con5, 1-8con5, 1-6con5, 1-4con5, 4-4con5 r=6: 5-48con6, 1-8con6, 1-4con6 r=7: 1-24con7, 1-12con7, 1-6con7, 4-4con7 r=8: 1-6con8, 1-4con8, 4-4con8 r=9: 1-16col9, 5-48con9, 1-8con9, 5-24con9, 1-4con9, 4-4con9 r=10: 1-24con10, 5-24con10, 4-4con10 r=11: 1-16con11, 1-8con11, 1-4con11, 4-4con11 r=12: 1-24con12, 5-48con12, 1-8con12, 5-24con12, 1-4con12, 4-4con12 r=13: 1-6con13, 1-4con13, 4-4con13 r=14: 1-24con14, 5-24con14, 1-4con14, 3-8con14 r=15: 1-8con15, 1-4con15, 4-4con15 r=16: 1-24con16, 1-6con16, 5-24con16, 1-4con16, 3-8con16, 4-4con16 r=17: 1-6con17, 4-4con17 r=18: 4-4con18 r=19: 1-16con19, 3-16con19, 1-4con19, 4-4con19 r=20: 1-16con20, 4-4con20 r=21: 1-4con21, 4-4con21 r=22: 4-4con22 r=23: 1-4con23, 4-4con23 r=24: 1-24con24, 1-16con24, 1-12con24, 1-4con24, 4-4con24 r=25: 1-4con25, 4-4con25 r=27: 4-4con27 r=28: 1-4con28 r=29: 5-48con29 r=32: 1-4con32 r=31: 1-6con31, 4-4con31 r=32: 1-4con32 r=35: 4-4con35 r=36: 1-4con36, 4-4con36 r=38: 1-4con38 r=39: 1-4con39, 4-4con39 r=40: 1-4con40 r=41: 1-4con41, 4-4con41 r=45: 1-6con45 r=46: 1-6con46 r=52: 1-4con52 r=54: 4-4con54 r=64: 4-4con64 r=70: 4-4con70
tffirrrr.dat tfforrrr.dat tffqrrrr.dat rfforrrr.dat rfforrrrr.dat	Circular torus
	This suite of primitives are used to generate circular torus sections. By default all these primitives produce a torus with a major radius of 1LDu, so typically need to be scaled up in the {x} and {z} dimensions. The first character denotes whether the minor radius is smaller than (tff primitives) or larger than the major radius (rff primitives). The latter are termed reverse ratio tori. The second and third characters of the filename ff denotes the sweep of torus, as an inverse fraction (01=1/1, 02=1/2, 04=1/4, 08=1/8, 16=1/16, 32=1/32, 48=1/48). The fourth character denotes the section of a torus (i=inner, o=outer, q=tube - the combination of 2 inner and 2 outer sections). Inner sections are not possible for reverse ratio tori. For regular tori, the last four characters of the file name rrrr denote the torus minor radius in LDu (1333=0.1333, 3333=0.3333), with the special designation 'unit' unsed to indicate a radius of 1.0000. For reverse ratio tori named like rfforrrr.dat, the last four characters of the file name rrrr represent torus minor radius with an implied decimal point after the first digit (1500=1.5, 4600=4.6). For reverse ratio tori named like rfforrrrr.dat, the last five characters of the file name rrrrr represent torus minor radius with an implied decimal point after the first two digits (11000=11.0). These diagrams (based on an idea of Paul Easter's) illustrate the relationship of the torus primitives to the major and minor radii. Regular inner torus Regular outer torus Reverse ratio outer torus Currently available regular torus primitives: Regular resolution (ff)(rrrr): Inner: t01i0702, t01i0714, t01i0769, t01i1579, t01i1667, t01i2000, t01i3261, t01i3333, t01i3600, t01i5556, t01i6000 t02i1111, t02i2000, t02i2258, t02i4000 t04i0462, t04i0625, t04i0857, t04i1111, t04i1304, t04i1333, t04i1429, t04i1765, t04i2000, t04i2258, t04i2500, t04i2667, t04i3333, t04i4167, t04i5000, t04i6381 t08i0909, t08i2000 t16i0909, t16i2000 Outer: t01o0556, t01o0625, t01o0667, t01o0714, t01o1154, t01o1250, t01o1429, t01o1579, t01o2222, t01o2500, t01o3333, t01o3571, t01o3750, t01o3810, t01o3889, t01o4000 t02o0526, t02o1111, t02o1176, t02o2000, t02o3333 t04o0462, t04o0625, t04o0833, t04o0857, t04o1111, t04o1250, t04o1304, t04o1333, t04o1429, t04o1538, t04o1667, t04o1765, t04o1905, t04o2000, t04o2500, t04o2667, t04o3077, t04o3333, t04o3750, t04o4167, t04o5000, t04o6250, t04o6667, ::t04o7000, t04o7500, t04o8750, t04o8889 t08o0727, t08o0909, t08o2000, t08o6250 t16o0909, t16o1429, t16o2000, t16o6250 Tube: t01q0702, t01q1429 t02q3333, t02q5455 t04q0625, t04q1000, t04q1316, t04q1538, t04q2500, t04q2857, t04q3030, t04q3333, t04q3529, t04q3750, t04q4000, t04q5000, t04q5455, t04q7143, t04q7500, t04q9231 t08q4000, t08q5000, t08q7500 t16q4000, t16q5000, t16q7500 High resolution (ff)(rrrr): Inner: t04i0455 t12i8333 Outer: t01o2000 t04o0455, t04o2000 t08o0625, t08o2500 t12o0349, t12o0625 Tube: t06q5000 Currently available reverse ratio torus primitives: Regular resolution: r04o1000, r04o1333, r04o1375, r04o1500, r04o2000, r04o3000, r04o4600 High resolution: r04o11000 r08o2000, r08o11000
1-4ccyli.dat	Circular torus (obsolete)
	This single primitive pre-dates the creation of the tffirrrr and tfforrrr suite of primitives and will not be augmented. It produces a quarter torus with a major radius of 2.5Ldu and a tube radius of 1LDu. It is superceded by t04q4000.dat.
n-fsphe.dat	Sphere section
	This primitive represents a sphere, centered at the origin {0,0,0} of radius 1 LDu. Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 1-8, 2-8, 4-8, 8-8 High resolution (n-f): 2-8, 4-8, 8-8
1-8sphc.dat	Spherical corner
	This primitive represents one octant (eighth) of a sphere, centered at the origin {0,0,0} of radius 1.414, truncated by the sides of a cube with a vertex at {1,1,1}. The boundaries of the resulting surface are circular and fit with 1-4edge.dat.
n-fedgh.dat	Cylinder Helical Edge
	This primitive represents ... Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 3-16, 1-8, 1-4
n-fcylh.dat	Cylinder Helical
	This primitive represents ... Currently available primitives: Regular resolution (n-f): 3-16, 1-8, 1-4

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Technic primitives

Technic axle primitives

These primitives represent various components of the technic axle and its matching hole. They are orientated in the {x,z} plane. Except where noted below, and in the {y} dimension only, these primitives must not be scaled.
axle.dat	Technic axle section
	This primitive comprises a 1LDu long section of technic axle, including its ends. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension to produce an axle of any length.
axleend.dat	Technic axle end
	This primitive is used to produce the "plus-shaped" cross section of a technic axle.
axlehole.dat	Technic axle hole - closed
	This primitive produces a technic axle hole with the disc ends and all sides. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension as necessary.
axlehol2.dat	Technic axle hole - side edges
	This primitive produces the edges at the ends of the "plus-shaped" technic axle.
axlehol3.dat	Technic axle hole - tooth outer edges
	This primitive produces the outer edges of the teeth of a technic axle hole.
axlehol4.dat	Technic axle hole - open one side
	This primitive produces a technic axle hole with one side omitted. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension as necessary.
axlehol5.dat	Technic axle hole - open two opposite sides
	This primitive produces a technic axle hole with two opposite sides omitted. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension as necessary.
axlehol6.dat	Technic axle hole tooth
	This primitive represents one tooth of a technic axle hole. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension as necessary.
axlehol7.dat	Technic axle hole - sides
	This primitive comprises a 1LDu long section of outer sides of a technic axle. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension.
axlehol8.dat	Technic axle hole perimeter
	This primitive comprises a 1LDu long section of technic axle, without any ends. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension as necessary.
axlehol9.dat	Technic axle hole - tooth inner edges
	This primitive produces the inner edges of the "plus-shaped" technic axle.
axleho10.dat	Technic axle hole - tooth surface
	This primitive is used to produce the fill the "plus-shaped" cross section of a technic axle to the bounding circle.
Axlehol0.dat	Technic Axle Hole Hint
	This file is an invisible "axlehole" that can be used to hint irregular axleholes that cannot be modeled with conventional axlehole primitives. To use: add an axle.dat in your part, apply position and scaling so that it fills the axlehole, and substitute it with this primitive. Note that the bounding axle sction in the image is for context only - there are no actual geometry producing lines contained in these files.

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Technic axle hole reduced

axl2hole.dat	Technic axle hole reduced
	This primitive produces a technic axle hole with reduced teeth including the disc ends and all edges. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension as necessary.
axl2hol2.dat	Technic axle hole reduced - side edges
	This primitive produces the edges at the ends of the "plus-shaped" reduced technic axle.
axl2hol3.dat	Technic axle hole reduced - tooth outer edges
	This primitive produces the outer edges of the teeth of a reduced technic axle hole.
axl2hol8.dat	Technic axle hole reduced - perimeter
	This primitive comprises a 1LDu long section of reduced technic axle, without any ends. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension as necessary.
axl2hol9.dat	Technic axle hole reduced - tooth inner edges
	This primitive produces the inner edges of the reduced "plus-shaped" technic axle.
axl2ho10.dat	Technic axle hole reduced - tooth surface
	This primitive used to produce the fill the "plus-shaped" cross section of a reduced technic axle to the bounding circle.
axl2end.dat	Technic axle hole reduced - end surface
	This primitive is used to produce the "plus-shaped" cross section of a technic axle hole reduced.

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Technic axle hole semi-reduced

axl3hole.dat	Technic axle hole semi-reduced
	This primitive produces a technic axle hole with semi-reduced teeth including the disc ends and all edges. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension as necessary.
axl3hol2.dat	Technic axle hole semi-reduced - side edges
	This primitive produces the edges at the ends of the "plus-shaped" semi-reduced technic axle.
axl3hol3.dat	Technic axle hole semi-reduced - tooth outer edges
	This primitive produces the outer edges of the teeth of a semi-reduced technic axle hole.
axl3hol6.dat	Technic axle hole semi-reduced tooth
	This primitive represents the teeth of a semi-reduced technic axle hole. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension as necessary.
axl3hol8.dat	Technic axle hole semi-reduced - perimeter
	This primitive comprises a 1LDu long section of semi-reduced technic axle, without any ends. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension as necessary.
axl3hol9.dat	Technic axle hole semi-reduced - tooth inner edges
	This primitive produces the inner edges of the semi-reduced "plus-shaped" technic axle.
axl3ho10.dat	Technic axle hole semi-reduced - tooth surface
	This primitive used to produce the fill the "plus-shaped" cross section of a semi-reduced technic axle to the bounding circle.
axl3end.dat	Technic axle hole semi-reduced - end surface
	This primitive is used to produce the "plus-shaped" cross section of a technic axle hole semi-reduced.

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Special Technic axle primitive

axlebeam.dat	Technic Axle Truncated to fit Technic Beam End Surface
	This primitive produces the tip of an axle to be used between a cylinder of 9 LDu radius and an axle primitive. Usage example: 1 16 0 0 -10 9 0 0 0 0 -9 0 20 0 2-4cyli.dat 1 16 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 axlebeam.dat 1 16 0 -20 0 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 axlehol8.dat
axlesphe.dat	Technic axle - truncated to fit ball joint
	This primitive produces the tip of an axle, truncated to fit a 12.81 LDu radius sphere. Usage example: 1 16 0 0 0 12.81 0 0 0 0 12.81 0 -12.81 0 8-8sphe.dat 1 16 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 axlesphe.dat 1 16 0 -20 0 1 0 0 0 7.19 0 0 0 1 axlehol8.dat
axles.dat	Axle Sloped
	This primitive produces the tip of an axle, truncated by a slope with the height of 1 LDu. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension as necessary.
axlecap.dat	Axle Endcap
	This primitive produces the beveled tip of an axle.
axlecaph.dat	Axle Endcap with Hole 4D
	This primitive produces the beveled tip of an axle with a center hole of 2 LDu radius.
axlecaph2.dat	Axle Endcap with Hole 5D
	This primitive produces the beveled tip of an axle with a center hole of 2.5 LDu radius.
axleconnect.dat	Technic Axle to Connector Hole Perpendicular Joint 0.5
	This primitive produces a right angle connection between an axle and a Technic connector hole. Usage example: 1 16 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 axleconnect.dat 1 16 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 axleconnect.dat 1 16 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 connhole.dat 1 16 0 0 -30 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 20 0 axle.dat

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Technic castellated bush primitives

These primitives are various representations of the castellated technic bush. They are orientated with the technic axle hole along the {y} axis and must not be scaled.
bushlock.dat	Technic 16-tooth castellation - long teeth
bushloc2.dat	Technic 16-tooth castellation - regular teeth
bushloc3.dat	Technic 16-tooth castellation - regular teeth indented
	This primitive differs from bushloc2.dat in that the teeth are indented in four places to allow it to fit between four adjacent studs.
bushloc4.dat	Technic 16-tooth castellation - short teeth
steerend.dat	Curved end to technic 1xn plate with 16-tooth castellation on underside

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Technic bush primtives

These primitives are usd to construct technic bush parts.
bush.dat	Technic bush with collar at one end
bush0.dat	Technic bush without end collars
bush1.dat	Technic bush collar quarter
bush2.dat	Technic Bush End 0.25

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Technic connector primitives

These primitives are used to contruct technic connector pegs. They are orientated with the technic axle hole along the {y} axis and must not be scaled.
connect.dat	Technic connector - long with collar
connect2.dat	Technic connector - long without collar
connect3.dat	Technic connector - short with collar
connect4.dat	Technic connector - short without collar
connect5.dat	Technic connector - long with collar and slot
connect6.dat	Technic connector - long with collar and notches
connect7.dat	Technic connector - long with rectangular centre hole and thin (frictionless) ribs
connect8.dat	Technic connector - long with collar and blind hole
connect10.dat	Technic Pin 1.0 without Base Collar and Rectangular Centre Hole
connectcollar1.dat	Technic Pin Collar Half with Rectangular Hole and Short Slit
connectcollar2.dat	Technic Pin Collar Half with Small Rectangular Hole and Short Slit
connectcollar3.dat	Technic Pin Collar Half with Rectangular Hole and Long Slit
connectcollar4.dat	Technic Pin Collar Half with Small Rectangular Hole and Long Slit
connectcollar5.dat	Technic Pin Collar Half with Round Hole and Short Slit
connectslit1.dat	Technic Pin Long Middle Slit Half with Rectangular Hole
connectslit2.dat	Technic Pin Long Middle Slit Half with Small Rectangular Hole
confric.dat	Technic connector with friction - long with collar
confric2.dat	Technic connector with friction - long without collar
confric3.dat	Technic connector with friction - long with rectangular centre hole and collar
confric4.dat	Technic connector with friction - long with collar and blind hole
confric5.dat	Technic connector with friction - long with collar and slot
confric6.dat	Technic connector with friction - long without collar with slot
confric8.dat	Technic connector with friction - middle section with collar and slot
confric9.dat	Technic connector with friction - middle section slotted with unsplit base collar

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Technic connector hole primitives

These primitives are used to contruct technic connector peg holes. They are orientated with the technic axle hole along the {y} axis. They must not be scaled in the {x} or {z} dimensions, but the peghole and npeghol families of primitives may be scaled in the {y} dimension.
connhole.dat	Technic beam hole long
	This primitive is used for Technic connector peg holes in 20LDu wide Technic beams.
connhol2.dat	Technic beam hole long with extended end
	This primitive is used for Technic connector peg holes in 20LDu wide Technic parts with an extended indentation.
connhol3.dat	Technic beam hole long with only one end
	This primitive is used for Technic connector peg holes for use in Technic parts with a narrow beam section.
beamhole.dat	Technic beam hole long with extension to adjacent hole
	This primitive is used for Technic connector peg holes at the end of 20LDu wide Technic beams.
beamhol2.dat	Technic beam hole short with extension to adjacent hole
	This primitive is used for Technic connector peg holes at the end of 10LDu wide Technic beams.
peghole.dat	Technic connector hole
peghole2.dat	Technic connector hole - 180 degrees - long
peghole3.dat	Technic connector hole - 90 degrees
peghole4.dat	Technic connector hole - 180 degrees - short
peghole5.dat	Technic connector hole - 180 degrees - medium
peghole6.dat	Technic connector hole - end extended
npeghole.dat	Technic connector hole negative without top surface extensions
npeghol2.dat	Technic connector hole negative with top surface extensions
npeghol3.dat	Technic peg hole to connector hole negative without top surface extensions
	This primitive is designed to fill the gap between an axlehol4 or axlehol5 primitive and a Technic peg hole.
npeghol3.dat	Technic peg hole to connector hole negative without top surface extensions
	This primitive is designed to fill the gap between an axlehol4 or axlehol5 primitive and a Technic peg hole.
npeghol3a.dat	Technic Peg Hole / Axle Hole Negative without Top Surface Extensions without One Edge
npeghol4.dat	Technic peg hole to connector hole negative with top surface extensions
npeghol5.dat	Technic peg hole to axle hole negative with top surface extensions
npeghol6.dat	Technic peg hole to axle hole negative quarter for beams
npeghol6a.dat	Technic Peg Hole Negative 0.25
npeghol6b.dat	Technic Peg Hole Negative 0.25 with Middle Tab
npeghol6c.dat	Technic Peg Hole Negative 0.25 without One Edge
npeghol6d.dat	Technic Peg Hole Negative 0.25 without Extension
npeghol7.dat	Technic Peg Hole Negative 0.5 without Top Surface Extensions
npeghol7a.dat	Technic Peg Hole Negative 0.5 with Top Surface Extensions
npeghol8.dat	Technic Peg Hole Negative for Alternate Beam Type 1 Half without Extensions
npeghol9.dat	Technic Peg Hole Negative for Alternate Beam Type 2 with Extensions
npeghol10.dat	Technic Peg Hole Negative for Alternate Beam Type 2 without Extensions
npeghol11.dat	Technic Peg Hole Negative for Alternate Beam Type 3
npeghol12.dat	Technic Peg Hole with Extended Perimeter (One Side) and Surface
npeghol13.dat	Technic Peg Hole with Extended Perimeter (Two Sides) and Surface
npeghol15.dat	~Technic Peg Hole Corner 0.25 (Obsolete)
npeghol15b.dat	Technic Peg Hole Corner with Wide Tabs on 1 Side 0.125
npeghol16.dat	~Technic Peg Hole Corner 0.125 (Obsolete)
npeghol17.dat	~Technic Peg Hole Negative with Cut Corners (Obsolete)
npeghol18.dat	Technic Peg Hole Corner 0.125 Without Lower Faces
npeghol18a.dat	Technic Peg Hole Corner 0.125 without Faces
npeghol19.dat	Technic Peg Hole Negative for Alternate Beam Type 3 Top Half without Extensions
npeghol20.dat	Technic Peg Hole Negative for Alternate Beam Type 4 without Extensions

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Technic gear tooth primitives

These primitives are used to contruct technic gears and racks. Gear teeth are shaped differently depending on the diameter of the gear wheel. These primitives must not be scaled.
tooth8.dat	Tooth for 8-tooth Technic gears
tooth8a.dat	Single Tooth for Technic Gear 8 Tooth Reinforced
tooth16.dat	Tooth for 16-tooth Technic gears
tooth24.dat	Tooth for 24-tooth Technic gears
tooth24a.dat	Tooth for 24-tooth Technic Crown Gear Type 2
tooth24b.dat	Tooth for 24-tooth Technic Crown Gear Type 3
tooth24c.dat	Tooth for 24-tooth Technic Crown Gear Type 1
tooth40.dat	Tooth for 40-tooth Technic gears
toothb12.dat	Tooth for 12-tooth Technic bevel gears
toothb14.dat	Tooth for 14-tooth Technic bevel gears
toothb20.dat	Tooth for 20-tooth Technic bevel gears
tootb28.dat	Full size tooth for 28-tooth Technic bevel gears
tootb28s.dat	Short tooth for 28-tooth Technic bevel gears
toothd28.dat	Tooth for 28-tooth Technic Differential
toothr.dat	Tooth for Technic Gear Racks
toothl.dat	Tooth for Large Technic Gears

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Technic Duplo primitives

These primitives represent various components of the Duplo-scale technic parts.
daxle.dat	Duplo technic axle section
	This primitive is comprises a 1LDu long section of duplo technic axle, including its ends. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension to produce an axle of any length.
daxlehole.dat	Duplo technic axle hole - closed
	This primitive produces a 1LDu long section of duplo technic axle hole structure. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension as necessary.
daxlehub.dat	Duplo technic axle hub
	This primitive produces a 1LDu long section of th eouter hub for a duplo technic axle hole. It may be scaled in the {y} dimension as necessary.
dconnhole.dat	Duplo technic connector hole
dnpeghole.dat	Duplo technic peg hole negative
dtooth8.dat	Tooth for 8-tooth Duplo Technic gears
dtoothc.dat	Tooth for 24-tooth Duplo Technic crown gears

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Stud-related primitives

Stud primitives

Each studxxx primitive described below has a matching low resolution stu2xxx primitive, used by the fast-draw mode of renderers - these stu2xxx primitive must never be used in part files. An additional primitive (studline.dat) is used to substitute a single line for studs by the super fast-draw mode of LDraw.

All stud primitives are modelled with the solid disc uppermost, even if designed for the underside of parts (stud3, stud4, stud8, stud11). The origin is at the base of the stud and they extend for 4LDU in the {-y} dimension. To use for the underside, the primitives need to be inverted in the {y} dimension, viz.

1 16    x y z    1 0 0    0 -1 0    0 0 1    stud3.dat

These primitives must not be scaled in the {x} or {z} dimensions. Ideally they should not be scaled in the {y} dimension either, to allow the accurate substitution of chamfered studs by high-quality renderers [but this rule is flouted in the regular brick files, where stud4 is scaled by 5 to generate the underside tube].

Single Studs

stud.dat	Regular stud
studa.dat	Regular stud without edge around base
studp01.dat	Regular stud with white dot
studel.dat	Regular electric stud
	The electric contact is on the {-x} {-z} corner
stud10.dat	Truncated solid stud
	For use on 2x2 round parts where the stud does not hang over the edge of the part.
stud15.dat	Moderately truncated solid stud
	For use on 2x2 round parts where the stud does not hang over the edge of the part.
stud13.dat	Very truncated solid stud
	For use on the 2x2 Light&Sound siren part where the stud does not extend over the edge of the part.
stud2.dat	Hollow stud
stud2a.dat	Hollow stud without edge around base
stud2-logo.dat	Stud Open with LEGO Logo - Non-3D Thin Lines
stud2-logo2	Stud Open with LEGO Logo - Non-3D Outlined
stud2-logo3	Stud Open with LEGO Logo - 3D with Sharp Top
stud2-logo4	Stud Open with LEGO Logo - 3D with Rounded Top
stud2-logo5	Stud Open with LEGO Logo - 3D Flattened
stud2s.dat	Hollow stud sloped
stud2s2.dat	Stud Tube Open Sliced for Open Stud with Inner Stopper Ring
stud2s2e.dat	Open Stud Extension with 0.5 LDU Inner Stopper Ring
stud17a.dat	Truncated hollow stud without edge around base
	For use on 2x2 octagonal parts where the stud does not hang over the edge of the part.
stud9.dat	Hollow stud with small hole
stud6.dat	Truncated hollow stud
	For use on 2x2 round parts where the stud does not extend over the edge of the part.
stud6a.dat	Truncated hollow stud without edge around base
	For use on 2x2 round parts where the stud does not hang over the edge of the part.
stud3.dat	Small underside stud
	For use on the underside of parts (usually plates) between the gaps for studs. This is modelled with the solid disc uppermost. To use for the underside of plates, it is necessary to invert in the {y} dimension, like 1 16    x y z    1 0 0    0 -1 0    0 0 1 stud3.dat In real life, more recent parts use a hollow version of this underside stud. Since this serves no functional purpose and many parts exist with both varients, this feature is not modelled in LDraw parts and the solid version is always used.
stud3a.dat	Small underside stud without edge around base
	See note for stud3.
studx.dat	Cross-shaped underside stud
stud12.dat	Cross-shaped underside stud for Minitalia parts
stud4.dat	Ring underside stud
	See note for stud3. A semi-circular version of this is also available as 2-4stud4.dat, and a 75% version as 3-4stud4.dat.
stud4a.dat	Ring underside stud without edge around base
	See note for stud3.
stud4s.dat	Ring underside stud with sloped end
	For use on the underside of sloping parts. See note for stud3.
stud4s2.dat	Ring underside stud with half sloped end
	For use on the underside of sloping parts where the slope starts midway across the stud. See note for stud3.
stud4o.dat	Ring underside stud without outer cylinder
stud4od.dat	Ring underside stud without outer cylinder and top surface
stud4h.dat	Ring underside stud with extended hole
	For use on the underside of plate thickness parts where the hole extends to the top surface of the plate.
stud4fns.dat	Ring underside stud with fillet stubs
	For use on the underside of parts where a strengthening fillet joins the stud. The number of fillets is indicated by n: 1=one fillet, 2=two opposite fillets, 3=three fillets, 4=four fillets, 5=two adjacent fillets. The fillet width is indicated by s: n=narrow (2LDu), s=standard (3LDu), w=wide (4LDu) Currently available primitives: One fillet: stud4f1n, stud4f1s Two opposite fillets: stud4f2n, stud4f2s, stud4f2w Three fillets: stud4f3s Four fillets: stud4f4n, stud4f4s Two adjacent fillets: stud4f5n
stud16.dat	Ring underside stud ‐ split
	A divided underside stud, as typically used in minifig headwear. See also note for stud3.
stud21a.dat	Ring underside stud - split with single wide slot
	A partially divided underside stud, used on pull-back motors. See also note for stud3.
stud22a.dat	Ring underside stud - split with double wide slot
	A divided underside stud, used on pull-back motors. See also note for stud3.
stud18a.dat	Stud Tube Open Snap
stud23.dat	Square underside stud hole
stud5.dat	Scala stud
stud7.dat	Duplo hollow top stud
stud7a.dat	Duplo hollow top stud without edge around base
stud8.dat	Duplo hollow underside stud
stud8a.dat	Stud Duplo Tube without Base Edge
stud11.dat	Large Duplo hollow underside stud
stud14.dat	Quatro stud
stud25.dat	Quatro underside stud